Doors and windows made of aluminum alloy extruded profiles as frames, mullions and fans are called aluminum alloy doors and windows. The aluminium alloy door window has five types: push-pull aluminium alloy door, push-pull aluminium windows, flat-open aluminium alloy door, flat-open aluminium windows, and aluminum alloy floor spring door. Basic doors and windows and composite doors and windows: basic doors and windows consist of frames, fans, glass, hardware accessories, sealing materials, etc; composite doors and windows consist of two or more basic doors and windows, which are combined into other forms of windows or connected Windows.
According to the opening method, it can be divided into: fixed windows, upper hanging window, middle hanging window, lower hanging window, vertical turning window, flat open door and window, pulley casement window, pulley window, flat open lower hanging door and window, sliding door and window, sliding and pulling casement window, folding door, floor spring door. According to the performance, it can be divided into: ordinary doors and windows, sound insulation doors and windows, insulation doors and windows. According to the application parts, it can be divided into internal doors and windows and external doors and windows.
The following summarizes the technology and cost of aluminum alloy door and window engineering from three aspects: design, construction and cost.
[Design]]
1. Aluminum profile
The first lies in raw materials. Generally, 6063-t5 is adopted. The allowable deviation of cross-section size of profiles is divided into ordinary grade, high grade and super high grade. Generally, it is executed according to ordinary grade. Only for sizes with assembly relationship or high grade doors and windows, according to high precision or super high precision.
Secondly, the minimum wall thickness of the profile. The wall thickness of the main profile of aluminum alloy doors and windows should be determined by calculation or test. Except for the profiles that need to be elastically assembled, such as battens and gussets, the minimum measured wall thickness of the base material section of the main force-bearing part of the door profile should be greater than or equal to 2.0mm, and the minimum measured wall thickness of the base material section of the main force-bearing part of the window profile should be greater than or equal to 1.4mm.
2. Safety regulations
First of all, aluminum alloy doors and windows that are vulnerable to collision between personnel and objects in public places with high mobility of personnel should adopt safety glass;
Secondly, aluminum alloy doors and windows in the following parts of the building should use safety glass:
A. Outwards opening window of buildings with 7 floors or more;
B. Window glass with an area of more than 1.5 square meters;
C. Floor-to-ceiling windows with the bottom edge of the glass less than decorative surface from the final window;
D. Aluminium windows for tilt installation.
Thirdly, fans of aluminium alloy sliding door and sliding window should have devices to prevent disassembly from the outdoor side. When sliding window is used for external walls, devices should be set to prevent Casement from falling out to the outside.
3. Lightning protection design
The lightning protection design of aluminum alloy doors and windows shall conform to the relevant provisions of the current national standard code for lightning protection design of buildings GB 50057.
4. Design service life
According to article 8 of the technical standard for residential performance evaluation GB/T50236-2005, the design service life of doors and windows is divided into three grades: no less than 20 years, 25 years and 30 years.
[Construction]]
1. Installation method
Dry method: the standard "dry method installation should be adopted". Install metal attachment frame first, plaster the rear hole, and then install the door and window frame.
Wet Method: install the door and window frame first, then plug the seam, and then plaster the hole.
2. Waterproof treatment
After the doors and windows are installed in place, the frame and the wall should be sealed and waterproof with weather-resistant sealant.
[Cost]]
Taking ordinary high-rise residential buildings as an example, the proportion of aluminum alloy doors and windows in the cost of the whole available area is about 4%(150/3500), the ratio of windows to land (0.25 in the south and 0.22 in the north),
broken bridge aluminum doors and windows unit Price: 600 yuan/? (Non-broken bridge is about 100 yuan/?).
You can use two charts to see the approximate distribution of the price of aluminum doors and windows:
The factors that affect the price of aluminum doors and windows can be divided into internal factors and external factors. The following are analyzed separately.
First of all, analyze the internal factors that affect the price of aluminum doors and windows.
According to the cost factor method, the main factors affecting the price of aluminum doors and windows are: Profiles, glass, hardware (referred to as "three major materials"), the corresponding cost proportion is generally profile (about 30%~ 40%), Glass (about 15%~-20%), hardware (about 8%~ 10%).
1. Supply price of aluminum profile
Formula: aluminum profile supply price = aluminum ingot price + aluminum profile processing fee + remote transportation fee
(1) Aluminum Ingot Price
The price in guangdong area A00 aluminum ingot in stock (the average price of the highest price and the lowest price) shall prevail on a base date (the date of issuing the bid, the date of returning the bid or the date of placing the order);
As shown in the following figure, the average price on May 21, 2015 was 13070 yuan/ton. This price is mainly affected by market conditions and will not be adjusted within ± 10% (with aluminum content of 10kg/? Calculated, the price risk is about 13 yuan/square meter, accounting for 2% of the comprehensive unit price of broken bridge doors and windows 600 yuan/square meter). It is generally agreed that the contractor orders aluminum ingot of the whole building of a single building at a time, and only one-time price adjustment is made for each single building, while the price adjustment is generally not made for aluminum profiles for screen doors and windows.
(2) aluminum profile processing fee
Refers to the delivery price in the province (the province where the processing unit base is located), including the cost, loss, packaging, film, transportation, risk, management fee, profit, taxes (VAT 17%) and other fees generally do not include unloading charge of the place where aluminum profiles are delivered.
There is a rebate when the annual purchase volume reaches the agreed tonnage (generally 2000 or 3000 tons), and the approximate market price is 200 yuan per ton.
① brand difference: the second-line brand is about 8% lower than the first-line brand, and the impact is% measured by the profile processing fee accounting for 12% of the comprehensive unit price of doors and windows.
② surface treatment methods: the prices of anodic oxidation, powder spraying, electrophoretic painting, fluorocarbon spraying and so on increased in turn.
The following is a comparison of processing prices based on first-line brands and non-broken bridge aluminum profiles (unit: yuan/ton):
③ whether the bridge is broken or not is insulated: the broken bridge increases 2500 yuan/ton compared with the non-broken bridge, which is mainly to increase the cost of heat insulation strip (domestic). If the imported strip is imported, it will add 2,000 yuan/ton. The types of heat insulation strip include glue injection type and strip type. Generally, strip type is used.
[Cost points] different from plastic steel profiles, at present, the mainstream aluminum profiles in the market are all domestic brands, and the price difference between them is very small. The biggest factor affecting the profile price is the heat insulation strip. The imported insulation strip is better than the domestic insulation strip, but is the cost difference of about 2,000 yuan/ton worth? Take 1500*1500 Windows as an example, the difference of 2000 yuan/ton is about 18 yuan/?, If the window-to-floor ratio is 0.2, the equivalent building is 3.6 yuan/?.
① packaging method: the packaging cost accounts for 3% ~ 5% of the total aluminum unit price, including Kraft paper packaging and plastic film packaging.
Generally, it is paper packaging. When Kraft paper packaging is adopted, the weight of each ton of medium paper is usually less than or equal to 60kg. If membrane packaging is used, add 1,000 yuan/ton.
② oxide film thickness: generally designed according to the minimum thickness required by the specification. For every 1um increase, the processing fee of profiles will increase by 100 yuan/ton.
③ pound difference: generally, 3‰ is allowed ‰.
(3) transportation fee
It refers to the transportation cost from aluminum profile processing manufacturer to aluminum door and window manufacturer, generally 500~800 yuan/ton, which is adjusted according to different transportation distance and mode.
Cost personnel should pay attention to the production sites of deep processing units throughout the country, and comprehensively select manufacturers with as short distance as possible after considering the project location and the production workshops of aluminum doors and windows contractors.
2. Glass supply price
Formula: glass supply price = original price + deep processing fee + remote transportation fee
(1) original supply price
The first-line brand is 10% more expensive than the second-line brand, and the impact is 2% based on the 20% of the glass in the unit price of doors and windows.
(2) deep processing fee
Glass deep processing is divided into original processing and remote processing according to different processing manufacturers. The price difference depends on other factors. According to the market reputation of processing manufacturers, it is divided into first-line brands and second-line brands, first-line brands are more expensive than second-line brands.
(3) transportation fee
It is necessary to pay attention to the production site of deep processing manufacturers in the whole country, and select manufacturers with as short distance as possible after considering the project location as a whole. If there is a factory in the project, the transportation fee is 0; In other cases, according to the distance, the transportation fee of 5mm glass nationwide is about 1~10 yuan/?, Other thickness increases in proportion to the thickness difference.
[Cost points] for the selection of glass, you can meet the relevant strong bars and local energy-saving acceptance standards. In general, Double White Hollow can meet the requirements. The price difference between LOW-E and ordinary glass is about 60 yuan, equivalent to 10 yuan/m2 for single building. If Low-E glass can be used as a selling point, 10 yuan/m2 cost investment can bring 50 yuan/m2 or even 100 yuan/m2 price increase, you can choose Low-E glass.
3. Hardware
According to the weight of doors and windows fan, design and select hardware accessories (the nominal bearing capacity should be greater than 1.5 times of the actual load), and the movable hardware should be able to meet the class a products used for more than 100000 times.
The main hardware includes 4 types: Handle, actuator, lock seat, Friction hinge.
Common materials and price differences: stainless steel> zinc alloy> aluminum alloy.
Brand differences: hardware prices of different brands vary greatly, and physical samples and manufacturer information should be reported when bidding.
Imports are more expensive than domestic ones; Domestic brands are 15% more expensive than second-line ones, and hardware accounts for 10% of the total price of doors and windows, which means the impact on costs is 1.5%.
[Cost points] consumers' sensitivity to hardware is not as good as glass, and domestic hardware brands can be satisfied, such as Jianlang and Guoqiang. The market share is relatively high. The price level of Jianlang is 10% ~ 20% higher than that of Guoqiang.
4. Auxiliary materials
Overall, the cost of auxiliary materials of aluminum doors and windows is about 40~100 yuan/set. There are many types of auxiliary materials, but the unit price is relatively low. During bidding, the main brands and prices of auxiliary materials are controlled.
5. Labor costs
The aluminum doors and windows project includes the labor cost of factory processing and on-site installation: factory production 25 yuan/flat; On-site installation 35 yuan/flat.
6. Others
(1) screen doors and windows
Residential projects generally set up screen doors and windows in the indoor part of the housing, but not in the public part. If set, the cost is generally about 3% of the cost of doors and windows, which is affected by the opening area of the outer doors and windows.
Aluminum alloy doors and windows engineering screen door, car window shade, generally use radial window screen not less than 18 purposes. Screen Doors and windows the more economical setting scheme is:
(2) exterior shadings
Exterior shadings design is a mandatory standard in Jiangsu. Generally, sun shading design is required on the south, east and west sides. The project quantity is about 30% ~ 50% of the project quantity of exterior doors and windows, depending on the building plane and exterior window mode. The engineering quantity of outside doors and windows is calculated by 0.2, and the engineering quantity coefficient of exterior shadings is about 0.06~0.10? /?.
In terms of comprehensive unit price, ordinary sunshade scheme is adopted, such as wind pressure resistance guide rail type fabric shutter exterior shadings (manual control) commonly used in ordinary houses, B1 grade flame retardant product 200 yuan/? Within, the shading cost of high-grade 100-page hollow glass, aluminum roller shutter and other solutions is 300~400 yuan/?. Cost impact, unit cost index is about 12~20? (Floor area).
Secondly, the analysis of external factors affecting the price of aluminum doors and windows.
1. Design parameters
Wind load W: from basic value 2.5 ≤ W<3KN/? After the increase of 0.5, the basic unit price will be increased by about 3%;
Heat transfer coefficient K of doors and windows: after increasing 0.5 from the basic value 2.5 ≤ k≤3, the basic unit price will be reduced by about 10%; After decreasing 0.5, the basic unit price will be increased by about 15%;
③ Building type: the construction cost of high-rise, multi-storey, super high-rise and Villa increases by about 1% in turn.
2. Size and opening method of doors and windows
① single fan area A:
The unit price corresponding to each increase or decrease of 0.5 square meters in the basic area will be reduced and increased by about 5%. When the single fan area is more than 1.5 square meters, the glass must be tempered glass, and the cost of single fan glass increases by more than 20%. The door and window lights also need attention. When the height of the lights is lower than 400, it is very uneconomical and should be considered for cancellation.
[Cost points] by properly adjusting the size of the door and window opening and the size of the grid, a more economical partition size of the door and window will be obtained, and a more reasonable unilateral cost will be obtained. Generally, the more economical partition sizes are shown in the following table:
② opening method of doors and windows:
The opening method has a great impact on the cost. The following is the cost analysis of a garden villa project for reference.
[Cost points] on the same unit, use broken bridges and non-broken bridges, and use non-broken bridges as much as possible; In the opening mode, open as little as possible and open as little as possible, that is, "large fixed small open, more fixed less open, more push pull less flat open". For example, some projects adopt the method of "main room casement window and secondary room sliding window.
3. Construction method
Cost Impact: when dry construction is adopted, it is more necessary to add steel frame and increase the cost by 20~40 yuan/?.
Material used: Hot-dip galvanized square tube, cross-section size 20*40 * 2mm, comprehensive unit price about 60 yuan/m;
Applicable situation: it is difficult to protect finished products (such as anodic oxidation) that have special requirements on the construction period or are not sensitive to costs, and adopt advanced aluminum window or aluminum alloy surface treatment methods. Or the external insulation needs to be closed to the window sill. If the attached frame is not used, it will cause serious frame pressing.
4. Contract interface
In particular, the interface between door and window engineering, exterior decoration engineering and general contract engineering, such as the blockage between door and window frame and opening gap and whether waterproof treatment is included in the scope of door and window contract.
Editor: China door and window network -- ak
